ANTH1-Physical Anthropology
Study Guide 2
Chapters 7-12

I would urge you to know the definitions of these terms and the related concepts, and be able to either: match, select, and/or use these coherently in an essay. The major learning objectives should help guide your study session.

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Chapter 7

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After studying this chapter, the student should understand:

1. The taxonomy of the Plio-Pleistocene hominids.
2. The total morphological pattern of the various australopithecines.
3. The dating and sites of the discoveries of the australopithecines.
4. The various ideas on the evolutionary relationships among the australopithecines and their relationship to the hominines.
5. The possible range of diet, locomotion, and lifestyle of the australopithecines.
6. The anatomy needed to be a biped.

GLOSSARY TERMS

Australopithecines
A. Walker
Allia Bay
Aramis, Ethiopia
Ardipithecus
Australopithecus aethiopicus
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus anamesis
Australopithecus bahrelghazali
Australopithecus garhi
Australopithecus ramidus
Awash, Ethiopia
Bahr el Ghazal, Chad
Bipedal Locomotion
Condyles
Cranial Capacity
D.C. Johanson
Deciduous Molars
F. Vrba
Foramen Magnum
G. Isaac
Gracile
Hadar, Ethiopia
Hominines
Kanapoi
L. Leakey
Laetoli, Tanzania
Little Foot
Lothagam Jaw
Lucy
M. Leakey
Mandibular Symphysis
Occipital Condyles
Oldowan Stone Tools
Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
Paranthropus aethiopicus
Paranthropus boisei
Paranthropus robustus
Plio-Pleistocene
Prognathic
R. Broom
R. Dart
R. Leakey
rectus femoris
Robust
Sagittal Suture
Sectorial P3
Semicircular Canals
Sterkfontein, South Africa
T. White
Taung, South Africa
Transvaal
Type Specimen
Zinjanthropus boisei
Zygomatic arches

Chapter 8

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After studying this chapter, the student should understand:

1. The differences between the australopithecines and hominines.
2. The anatomical and behavioral traits of Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis.
3. The hypotheses concerning the factors that may have lead to bipedalism.
4. The characteristics of early stone tools and occupation sites.
5. The factors that may be related to the increase in brain size in the Homo lineage.

Acheulean Industry
Alan Walker
Aramis
Arthur Keith
Birth Canal
Body Temperature Hypothesis
Choppers
Clifford Jolly
Cores
Debitage
DK-1
Donald Johanson
Dual-selection Hypothesis
Ecotone
Energy Efficiency Hypothesis
Flakes
Folivore
Frugivore
Glynn Isaac
Home Base
Hominization
Homo erectus
Homo habilis
Homo rudolfensis
Ian Tattersall
Kada Hardar
Kanapoi
Kathy Schick
Koobi Fora
Lake Turkana
Le Gros Clark
Leonard Greenfield
Manuports
Mary Leakey
Meave Leakey
Microwear
Nicholas Toth
Occupation Level
Oldowan Industry
Phillip Tobias
Polygynous Mating System
Positive Feedback
Promiscuous Mating System
Randall Susman
Robin Dunbar
Sagittal Arc
Seed-eating Hypothesis
Sexual Dimorphism
Sherwood Washburn
Tim White
Wenda Trevathan

Chapter 9

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After studying this chapter, the student should understand:

1. The time period in which H. erectus lived and its geographical origin and distribution.
2. The distribution of the Acheulean Industry and the significance of the Movius Line.
3. The anatomy of H. erectus and the possibility that they had speech.
4. The brain and belly hypothesis of L. Aiello and P. Wheeler.
5. The history of the discovery of H. erectus.

GLOSSARY TERMS

Abbe Henri Breuil
Acheulean Industry
Alan Walker
Biface
Broca’s Area
Cleaver
Davidson Black
Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia
Dragon Bones
Eugene Dubois
Fire
Francois Bordes
Franz Weidenreich
G. Philip Rightmire
G. R. H. von Koenigswald
Geoffrey Pope
Gongwangling
Hand Ax
Hemispherical Asymmetry
Homo ergaster
Homo heidelbergensis
Kamoya Kimeu
Koobi Fora
Larynx
Leslie Aiello
Lewis Binford
Lithic Technology
Longgupo Cave
Louis Leakey
Mauer Mandible
Max Schlosser
Modjokerto
Movius Line
Nariokotome
Occipital Torus
Oldowan tools
Olduvai Gorge
Osteodontokaratic Culture
Peking Man
Peter Wheeler
Pharynx
Pithecanthropus
Platycephalic
Pleistocene
Sagittal Keeling
Sambungmacan
Sinanthropus pekinensis
Trinil, Java
Ubeidiya
Venta Micena
Wernicke’s Area
Zhoukoudian

Chapter 10

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After studying this chapter, the student should understand:

1. The history of the discovery of the Neandertals.
2. The reasons justifying the taxon Homo heidelbergensis.
3. The reasons for naming the Neandertals Homo neanderthalensis and not Homo sapiens neanderthalensis.
4. The dating, distribution, and inventions and lifestyle of Homo heidelbergensis.
5. The dating, distribution, and inventions and lifestyle of Homo neanderthalensis.
6. The evolutionary relationship between Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens.

GLOSSARY TERMS

Atapuerca
Bodo Fossil
Classic Neandertal
Denticulates
Disk-core Technique
Gran Dolina
Homo heidelbergensis
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo antecessor
Iron Pyrite
Kabwe Skull
Krapina
Levallois Technique
Mauer Jaw
Middle Paleolithic
Mousterian Industry
Periglacial
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Qafzeh
Ramus
Retromolar Gap
Rhodesian Man
Rickets
Sangoan
Shanidar
Sima de los Huesos
Skhul
Steinheim
Suprainiac Fossa
Tundra
Vitamin D

Chapter 11

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After studying this chapter, the student should understand:

1. The evidence for and against the Regional Continuity hypothesis and the Rapid-Replacement hypothesis.
2. The role that the study of genetics is playing in deciphering the details of human evolution.
3. The culture of Upper Paleolithic people.
4. The migration to Australia and the Americas.
5. The anatomy of Upper Paleolithic people.

GLOSSARY TERMS

Aurignacian Industry
A.M. Bowcock
Allan Wilson
Arcy-sur-Cure
Burin
Beringia
Blade Tools
Chatelperronian Industry
Chris Stringer
Chronospecies
Cladogenetic Speciation
Clovis Point
Cro-Magnon
Daniel Lieberman
David Pilbeam
Diaspora
Dordogne region of France
J. Y. Chu
Klasies River Mouth
Larynx
Les Eyzies, France
Liujiang, China
Mark Stoneking
Marta Mirozon Lahr
Masticatory Apparatus
Microsatellites
Middle Paleolithic
Mitochondria
Mousterian Artifacts
mtDNA
Niah, Borneo
Qafzeh, Israel
Rapid-Replacement Hypothesis
Regional-Continuity Hypothesis
Richard Klein
Skhul, Israel
Sphenoid
Unearned Resources
Upper Paleolithic
WHLSO
Zuttiyeh, Israel

Chapter 12

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After studying this chapter, the student should understand:

1. The major intellectual changes of the people of the Upper Paleolithic including the development of cave art, portable art, sculptures, religion, and grave goods.
2. The innovations of the Upper Paleolithic include the addition of tools made from bone, wood, and ivory.
3. The improvements in fire hearths, shelters, and cloths.
4. The occurrence of the domestication of plants and animals.
5. The importance of the invention of the spear thrower, and the bow and arrow.
6. The challenges of the future due to the ever increasing size of the human population, over exploitation of the earth’s habitat, and new genetic technologies.

GLOSSARY TERMS

Atlatl
Alexander Marshack
Altamira, France
Anatomically Modern Humans
Andre Leroi-Gourhan
Bone, Antler and Ivory
Bows and Arrows
Burin
Ceramics
Composite Tools
D. Bruce Dickson
Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic
Edward S. Deevey
Fertility Magic
Firestones
Gary Rollefson
Grave Offerings
Gravettian
Henri Breuil
Hunting Magic
Ilse Kohler-Rollefson
Inuit
Iron Pyrite
Jarmo
Jericho
Johannes Maringer
Kiln
La Colombiere, France
La Grotte Chauvet, France
Lascaux, France
Leister
Life Expectancy
Machine Tools
Magdalenian
Magic
Margaret Conkey
Meglemosian
Mesolithic
Microliths
Middle Stone Age
Neolithic
Neolithic Revolution
New Stone Age
Nomadism
Pastoralism
Perigordian
Portable Art
Red Ocher
Sedentism
Sewn, Fitted Clothing
Shaman
Solutrean
Sympathetic Hunting
Therianthropes
Upper Paleolithic
Venus Figurines
Venus of Willendorf
Weir
Womera

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