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ANTH 6 - Forensic Anthropology
Sex
Handout (Material adapted from Bass 1994; Burns 1999; White 1991, 2000)
LAB PRACTICUM
TABLE 1: Cranial Sex Traits: A Summary of the Current Research Methodology.
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SUMMARY OF SKULL TRAITS RELATED TO SEXING |
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Trait |
Female |
Male |
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supraorbital ridge/torus |
less prominent |
more prominent |
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upper edge eye orbit |
sharp |
blunt |
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eye orbit shape |
rounded |
square |
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palate |
smaller |
larger |
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teeth |
smaller |
larger |
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chin |
rounded with midline point, V-shaped |
square, U-shaped |
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gonial angle |
non-projecting |
projecting or flaring |
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cranial vault |
smaller, smoother |
larger, rougher |
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frontal bossing |
present |
absent |
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parietal bossing |
present |
absent |
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muscle ridges (nuchal) |
gracile |
robust |
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zygomatic process |
not expressed beyond zygomatic arch |
expressed beyond zygomatic arch and beyond external auditory meatus as crest |
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mastoid process |
smaller, short |
larger, broad |
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occipital condyles |
smaller |
larger |
(Adapted from Bass 1987, 1995; White 1991, 2000; Pickering and Bachman 1997)
TABLE 2: Sex Traits of the Femur and Humerus: A Summary of the Current Research Methodology.
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RANGES OF METRIC LIMB TRAITS RELATED TO SEXING (all measurements in mm) |
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Trait |
Female |
Probably Female |
Indeterminate |
Probably Male |
Male |
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femur head maximum diameter (Negroid) |
<41.5 |
41.5-43.5 |
43.5-44.5 |
44.5-45.5 |
>45.5 |
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femur head maximum diameter (Caucasoid) |
<42.5 |
42.5-43.5 |
43.5-46.5 |
46.5-47.5 |
>47.5 |
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femur bicondylar width (Negroid) |
<72 |
72-74 |
74-76 |
76-78 |
>78 |
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humerus head max diameter vertical (Terry Collection) |
<43 |
- |
44-46 |
- |
>47 |
(Adapted from Bass 1987, 1995; White 1991, 2000; Pickering and Bachman 1997)
TABLE 3: Postcranial Sex Traits: A Summary of the Current Research Methodology.
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AVERAGES OF METRIC LIMB TRAITS RELATED TO SEXING (all measurements in mm) |
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Trait |
Female |
Male |
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femur head maximum diameter (Caucasoid) |
43.8 |
49.7 |
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femur head maximum diameter (Negroid) |
41.5 |
47.2 |
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humerus head maximum diameter vertical (Not Specified) |
42.7 |
48.8 |
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humerus head maximum diameter transverse (Not Specified) |
37.0 |
44.7 |
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humerus head maximum diameter transverse (Native American) |
38-39 |
43-44 |
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humerus maximum length (Negroid) |
305.9 |
339.0 |
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humerus epicondylar width (Negroid) |
56.8 |
63.9 |
(Adapted from Bass 1987, 1995; White 1991, 2000; Pickering and Bachman 1997)
Table 4: Postcranial Sex Traits: The Innominate.
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SUMMARY OF OSSA COXAE TRAITS RELATED TO SEXING |
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Trait |
Female |
Male |
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obturator foramen |
small and triangular |
large and ovoid |
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greater sciatic notch |
wide, >90 degrees |
narrow, deep, <90 degrees |
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auricular surface |
high relief, with pre-auricular sulcus |
low relief , lacking pre-auricular sulcus |
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acetabulum |
small |
large |
(Adapted from Bass 1987, 1995; White 1991, 2000; Pickering and Bachman 1997)
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